minyung

Syntax SSH Command atau Linux Shell Command

klo anda pengguna komputer sekaligus sering berhubungan dengan server, pasti sudah akrab dengan command-command ini. terkadang perintah yang jarang di gunakan menjadi terlupakan. untuk mengingat kembali berikut daftar perintah yang sering di gunakan dalam SSH.

List SSH Command yang sering digunakan.

ls : list files/directories in a directory, comparable to dir in windows/dos.
ls -al : shows all files (including ones that start with a period), directories, and details attributes for each file.

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cd : change directory � � cd /usr/local/apache : go to /usr/local/apache/ directory
cd ~ : go to your home directory
cd - : go to the last directory you were in
cd .. : go up a directory cat : print file contents to the screen

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cat filename.txt : cat the contents of filename.txt to your screen

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chmod: changes file access permissions
The set of 3 go in this order from left to right:
USER - GROUP - EVERONE

0 = —� No permission
1 = –X� Execute only
2 = -W-� Write only
3 = -WX� Write and execute
4 = R–� Read only
5 = R-X� Read and execute
6 = RW-� Read and write
7 = RWX� Read, write and execute

Usage:
chmod numberpermissions filename

chmod 000 : No one can access
chmod 644: Usually for HTML pages
chmod 755: Usually for CGI scripts

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chown: changes file ownership permissions
The set of 2 go in this order from left to right:
USER - GROUP

chown root myfile.txt : Changes the owner of the file to root
chown root.root myfile.txt : Changes the owner and group of the file to root

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tail : like cat, but only reads the end of the file
tail /var/log/messages : see the last 20 (by default) lines of /var/log/messages
tail -f /var/log/messages : watch the file continuously, while it’s being updated
tail -200 /var/log/messages : print the last 200 lines of the file to the screen

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more : like cat, but opens the file one screen at a time rather than all at once
more /etc/userdomains : browse through the userdomains file. hit Spaceto go to the next page, q to quit

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pico : friendly, easy to use file editor
pico /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user’s website.

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File Editing with VI ssh commands
vi : another editor, tons of features, harder to use at first than pico
vi /home/burst/public_html/index.html : edit the index page for the user’s website.
Whie in the vi program you can use the following useful commands, you will need to hit SHIFT + : to go into command mode

:q! : This force quits the file without saving and exits vi
:w : This writes the file to disk, saves it
:wq : This saves the file to disk and exists vi
:LINENUMBER : EG :25 : Takes you to line 25 within the file
:$ : Takes you to the last line of the file
:0 : Takes you to the first line of the file

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grep : looks for patterns in files
grep root /etc/passwd : shows all matches of root in /etc/passwd
grep -v root /etc/passwd : shows all lines that do not match root

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ln : create’s “links” between files and directories
ln -s /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd.conf : Now you can edit /etc/httpd.conf rather than the original. changes will affect the orginal, however you can delete the link and it will not delete the original.

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last : shows who logged in and when
last -20 : shows only the last 20 logins
last -20 -a : shows last 20 logins, with the hostname in the last field

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w : shows who is currently logged in and where they are logged in from.
who : This also shows who is on the server in an shell.

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netstat : shows all current network connections.
netstat -an : shows all connections to the server, the source and destination ips and ports.
netstat -rn : shows routing table for all ips bound to the server.

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top : shows live system processes in a nice table, memory information, uptime and other useful info. This is excellent for managing your system processes, resources and ensure everything is working fine and your server isn’t bogged down.
top then type Shift + M to sort by memory usage or Shift + P to sort by CPU usage

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ps: ps is short for process status, which is similar to the top command. It’s used to show currently running processes and their PID.
A process ID is a unique number that identifies a process, with that you can kill or terminate a running program on your server (see kill command).
ps U username : shows processes for a certain user
ps aux : shows all system processes
ps aux –forest : shows all system processes like the above but organizes in a hierarchy that’s very useful!

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touch : create an empty file
touch /home/burst/public_html/404.html : create an empty file called 404.html in the directory /home/burst/public_html/

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file : attempts to guess what type of file a file is by looking at it’s content.
file * : prints out a list of all files/directories in a directory

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du : shows disk usage.
du -sh : shows a summary, in human-readble form, of total disk space used in the current directory, including subdirectories.
du -sh * : same thing, but for each file and directory. helpful when finding large files taking up space.

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wc : word count
wc -l filename.txt : tells how many lines are in filename.txt

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cp : copy a file
cp filename filename.backup : copies filename to filename.backup
cp -a /home/burst/new_design/* /home/burst/public_html/ : copies all files, retaining permissions form one directory to another.
cp -av * ../newdir : Copies all files and directories recurrsively in the current directory INTO newdir

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mv : Move a file command
mv oldfilename newfilename : Move a file or directory from oldfilename to newfilename

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rm : delete a file
rm filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will more than likely ask if you really want to delete it
rm -f filename.txt : deletes filename.txt, will not ask for confirmation before deleting.
rm -rf tmp/ : recursively deletes the directory tmp, and all files in it, including subdirectories. BE VERY CAREFULL WITH THIS COMMAND!!!

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TAR: Creating and Extracting .tar.gz and .tar files
tar -zxvf file.tar.gz : Extracts the file
tar -xvf file.tar : Extracts the file
tar -cf archive.tar contents/ : Takes everything from contents/ and puts it into archive.tar
gzip -d filename.gz : Decompress the file, extract it

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ZIP Files:� Extracting .zip files shell command
unzip file.zip

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Firewall - iptables commands
iptables -I INPUT -s IPADDRESSHERE -j DROP : This command stops any connections from the IP address
iptables -L : List all rules in iptables
iptables -F : Flushes all iptables rules (clears the firewall)
iptables –save : Saves the currenty ruleset in memory to disk
service iptables restart : Restarts iptables

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Apache Shell Commands
httpd -v : Outputs the build date and version of the Apache server.
httpd -l : Lists compiled in Apache modules
httpd status : Only works if mod_status is enabled and shows a page of active connections
service httpd restart : Restarted Apache web server

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MySQL Shell Commands
mysqladmin processlist : Shows active mysql connections and queries
mysqladmin drop databasenamehere : Drops/deletes the selected database
mysqladmin create databasenamehere : Creates a mysql database

Restore MySQL Database Shell Command
mysql -u username -p password databasename < databasefile.sql : Restores a MySQL database from databasefile.sql

Backup MySQL Database Shell Command
mysqldump -u username -p password databasename > databasefile.sql : Backup MySQL database to databasefile.sql

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kill: terminate a system process
kill -9 PID EG: kill -9 431
kill PID EG: kill 10550
Use top or ps ux to get system PIDs (Process IDs)

EG:

PID �� TTY �� TIME �� COMMAND
10550 �� pts/3 �� 0:01 �� /bin/csh
10574 �� pts/4 �� 0:02 �� /bin/csh
10590 �� pts/4 �� 0:09 �� APP

Each line represents one process, with a process being loosely defined as a running instance of a program. The column headed PID (process ID) shows the assigned process numbers of the processes. The heading COMMAND shows the location of the executed process.

Putting commands together
Often you will find you need to use different commands on the same line. Here are some examples. Note that the | character is called a pipe, it takes date from one program and pipes it to another.
> means create a new file, overwriting any content already there.
>> means tp append data to a file, creating a newone if it doesn not already exist.
< send input from a file back into a command.

grep User /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf |more
This will dump all lines that match User from the httpd.conf, then print the results to your screen one page at a time.

last -a > /root/lastlogins.tmp
This will print all the current login history to a file called lastlogins.tmp in /root/

tail -10000 /var/log/exim_mainlog |grep domain.com |more
This will grab the last 10,000 lines from /var/log/exim_mainlog, find all occurances of domain.com (the period represents ‘anything’,
– comment it out with a so it will be interpretted literally), then send it to your screen page by page.

netstat -an |grep :80 |wc -l
Show how many active connections there are to apache (httpd runs on port 80)

mysqladmin processlist |wc -l
Show how many current open connections there are to mysql

src : Dapurhosting.com

baca selengkapnya.....

temen selengkapnya klo mo install joomla di localhost seperti ini ya
pertama sekali download joomla di www.joomla.org, setelah download simpan dalam directory kerja anda (maksud directory kerja adalah directory yang di load oleh localhost).
untuk mengetahui directory kerja masuklah pada folder apache cari file httpd.conf buka dengan editor text anda ultraedit atau notepad jg gak papa. nah tekan ctrl+F ketikan DocumentRoot nah di situ bisa dilihat letak directory kerja anda
dan anda bisa memindahkan ke folder sesuka anda
klo DocumentRoot ku tak pindah di sini neh :

DocumentRoot: The directory out of which you will serve your
documents. By default, all requests areaken from this directory, but
symbolic links and aliases may be used to point to other locations.
DocumentRoot "D:/kerja"

sebagai contoh kasus :
nah klo sudah tahu letak document root, ekstract file joomla hasil download-an ke folder kerja.

nah abis itu ikuti langkah berikut:
buka browser kesayangan anda, ketikan localhost nah kloener berarti anda akan melihat folder joomla hasil ekstract. nah setelah itu klik folder tersebut trus keluar gambar seperti di bawah

pilih sesuai dengan bahasa kesukaan anda
setelah di pilih klik next pada pojok kanan atas kemudian layar berubah seperti berikut nah lihat semua apakah semua tanda berwarna hijau klo ada yang berwarna merah berarti masih ada yang belum bener.

klo sudah ok di langkah ini lanjutkan klik next .
muncul lembar persetujuan lalu klik next lagi

nah di sini cocokkan dengan database anda penulis menggunakan mysql
disini adalah username dan password database di mysql, database name diisi sesuka anda jika anda belum membuat database-nya joomla akan create sendiri databasenya.

kemudian klik next ya klo udah langkah di atas
nah pada langkah di bawah langsung aja klik next

nah selanjutnya akan muncul tampilan seperti berikut:

sitename diisi bebas http://ngacobanget.com jg boleh :D
terus jangan lupa masukan alamat email admin username serta password (nah di inget-inget karena username dan password ini berguna untuk masuk ke beckend website anda)
jangan lupa untuk permulaan klik radio button di install default sample data, trus klik install sample data ya. nah kemudian klik next.

nah gambar di atas adalah tampilan terakhir yang menandakan bahwa anda sudah selesai install joomla.
sekarang anda klik admin atau site bebas. dan anda akan ketemu error pada browser.
sekarang kembali ke folder joomla yang barusan anda install ya, hapus folder instalation ya. nah klo sudah di hapus kembali lagi ke browser ketikan localhost. nah anda melihat folder joomla kan di browser...?? klik aja.....tetetet....berhasilkan.... selamat mencoba